In this scene, we see Cleopatra angrily yelling at Caesar. This is significant in that it shows Cleopatra in a position of power to yell at Caesar for destroying the inland buildings, including the Library, of Alexandria. The medium shot shows enough of Cleopatra's emotion while simultaneously showcasing her dominance over Caesar in this scene; she is taller than him, bending down to get in his face, signifying her power. The medium shot also shows that Caesar is in his powerful Roman armor, yet he still falls beneath Cleopatra. Neither Caesar nor Cleopatra are in the exact middle in this shot, yet there is a line in the wall perfectly cutting the scene in two, physically showing the divide between the two characters in this moment. In the background a very large sphinx can be seen on the side in which Caesar is in, symbolically showing that he is smaller than Egypt in this moment, and though he is commanding his soldiers, Cleopatra gets the last say. On the opposing side, Caesar's men can be seen behind Cleopatra, yet they are smaller than her, reaffirming the power dynamic set up by the dialogue. The angle of the camera is not exactly at eye level, but a slightly lower angle looking up at Cleopatra, symbolizing her might.
Excellent discussion. You've noticed details most people would overlook, such as the line on the wall in the background that divides Caesar and Cleopatra. I wonder if the two small Roman soldiers (Rufio and Marcus Agrippa) flank Cleo to make her appear like a prisoner of the Roman military. Even if that was indeed the director's intention, though, it is counteracted by the significant difference in size that you discuss. One last thing: Filming someone from behind, as Caesar here, is a way to show that they are vulnerable or weak, which supports your interpretation further.
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